{jb_quote} Chapter 8: البَدَل–badal–means “something that stands in for something else,” or “something that replaces something else.” {/jb_quote}
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Part 1
Resources
Type Arabic onscreen with an oline Keyboard
Vocabulary:
|
Germany |
ألْمَانِيَا |
A Knife |
سِكِّينٌ |
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Switzerland |
سُوِيسْرَا |
Open |
مَفْتُوحٌ |
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The Spoon |
الْمِلْعَقَةُ |
Closed |
مُغْلَقٌ |
Simple Detached Pronouns (Revision):
Now look at the pronouns below and read on your fingers 7 times. Ignore the attached pronouns for the time being. We have drawn a picture for you to understand this memorisation technique even further.
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Detached Pronouns |
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Third Person Masculine |
He |
Huwa |
هُو |
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Them (2 He) |
Huma |
هُمَا |
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They (3+ He) |
Hum |
هُم |
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Third Person Feminine |
She |
Hiya |
هِيَ |
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Them (2 She) |
Huma |
هُمَا |
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They (3+ She) |
Hunna |
هُنَّ |
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Second Person Masculine |
You (Male) |
Anta |
أنتَ |
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You (2, Male) |
Antuma |
أنتُمَا |
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You (3+ Male) |
Antum |
أنتُم |
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Second Person Feminine |
You (Female) |
Anti |
أنتِ |
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You (2, Female) |
Antuma |
أنتُمَا |
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You (3+, Female) |
Antunna |
أنتُنَّ |
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First Person |
I |
Anna |
أنَا |
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We |
Nahnu |
نَحنُ |
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Simple Attached Pronouns:
Use the pores of your fingers to learn this table just like you have memorised the previous tables.
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Attached Pronouns |
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Third Person Masculine |
His |
Hu |
هُ |
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Theirs (2 He) |
Huma |
هُمَا |
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Theirs (3+ He) |
Hum |
هُم |
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Third Person Feminine |
Her |
Ha |
هَا |
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Theirs (2 She) |
Huma |
هُمَا |
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Theirs (3+ She) |
Hunna |
هُنَّ |
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Second Person Masculine |
Your (Male) |
Kaa |
كَ |
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Your (2, Male) |
Kuma |
كُمَا |
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Your (3+ Male) |
Kum |
كُم |
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Second Person Feminine |
Your (Female) |
Ki |
كِ |
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Your (2, Female) |
Kuma |
كُمَا |
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Your (3+, Female) |
Kunna |
كُنَّ |
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First Person |
Mine |
Ie |
يْ |
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Ours |
Naa |
نَا |
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The last vowel of the pronoun is stripped of its Tanween, replaced with a single vowel and the pronoun is attached directly to it, for example:
Your pen (1,M) قَلَمٌ + كَ = قَلَمُكَ
Their book (3+,F) كِتَابٌ + هُنَّ = كِتَابُهُنَّ
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Attached Pronouns |
|||
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Third Person Masculine |
His Book |
Kitabuhu |
كِتَابُهُ |
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Theirs (2 He) Book |
KitabuHuma |
كِتَابُهُمَا |
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Theirs (3+ He) Book |
KitabuHum |
كِتَابُهُم |
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Third Person Feminine |
Her Book |
KitabuHa |
كِتَابُهَا |
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Theirs (2 She) Book |
KitabuHuma |
كِتَابُهُمَا |
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Theirs (3+ She) Book |
KitabuHunna |
كِتَابُهُنَّ |
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Second Person Masculine |
Your (Male) Book |
KitabuKaa |
كِتَابُكَ |
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Your (2, Male) Book |
KitabuKuma |
كِتَابُكُمَا |
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Your (3+ Male) Book |
KitabuKum |
كِتَابُكُم |
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Second Person Feminine |
Your (Female) Book |
KitabuKi |
كِتَابُكِ |
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Your (2, Female) Book |
KitabuKuma |
كِتَابُكُمَا |
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Your (3+, Female) Book |
KitabuKunna |
كِتَابُكُنَّ |
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First Person |
My Book |
Kitabuie |
كِتَابِيْ |
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Our Book |
KitabuNaa |
كِتَابُنَا |
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In case of "My book" the vowel on the last letter is Kasrah instead of Damma and this will always happen in the case of "My ..."
Homework:
Please create a nice table in your exercise books and attach pronouns to all of the words below and then translate.
رَبٌ
رَسُولٌ
قَلَمٌ
Part 2:
You have learned simple sentensces and their analysis e.g. to say “This is a Masjid” it is:
هَـٰذَا مَسْجِدٌ
The analysis of this sentence is as follows:
{jb_bluedisc}1{/jb_bluedisc}هَـٰذَا Is a masculine demonstrative pronoun for near objects
{jb_bluedisc}2{/jb_bluedisc}مَسْجِدٌ Is Khabar therefore it is:
{jb_bluedisc}a{/jb_bluedisc}Marfoo
{jb_bluedisc}b{/jb_bluedisc}Indefinite
{jb_bluedisc}c{/jb_bluedisc}Masculine because it has to match the Gender of the first word (i.e. the pronoun)
{jb_bluedisc}3{/jb_bluedisc}The Arabic setence literally means:
"This a Masjid"
{jb_bluedisc}4{/jb_bluedisc}The English word “is” or the copula doesn’t exist in Arabic so it is manually inserted making the accurate translation to be:
"This is a Masjid"
However often after the demonstrative pronoun sometimes a Badal is used which is a subsitute i.e. we can remove the Badal and the sentence will remain valid e.g.
هَـٰذَا المَسْجِدُ كَبِيرٌ
Notice that the following sentence is perfectly valid:
هَـٰذَا كَبِيرٌ
And so is this one:
المَسْجِدُ كَبِيرٌ
But there is a difference in translation:
هَـٰذَا كَبِيرٌ
"This is Big"
هَـٰذَا المَسْجِدُ كَبِيرٌ
"This Masjid is Big"
To illustrate the point further, these two phrases in Arabic mean two separate things!
هَـٰذَا مَسْجِدٌ
"This is a Masjid"
. . . هَـٰذَا المَسْجِدُ
"This Masjid is..."
Badal (substitue) must watch the demonstrative pronoun i.e.definite and state (i.e. Marfoo, Mansoob, Majroor).
Homework:
Translate the following into Arabic and compare:
{jb_bluedisc}1{/jb_bluedisc} This is a House VS This House is...
{jb_bluedisc}2{/jb_bluedisc} This is a Book VS This Book is...
{jb_bluedisc}3{/jb_bluedisc} This is a watch VS This watch is...
{jb_bluedisc}4{/jb_bluedisc} This is a cow VS This cow is...
{jb_bluedisc}5{/jb_bluedisc} This is a Room VS This Room is...
In all the examples above in the first case you have a full sentence (i.e. Mubata & Khabar) while the second one is a phrase where you just have Mubata & Badal but no Khabar.
Part 3:
Here is the analysis of the first two lines of the Lesson:
هَذَا الرَّجُلُ تَاجِرٌ وَ ذَلَكَ الرَّجُلُ طَبِيبٌ
- Mubata is in BLUE
- Badal is in GREEN (notice how it matches the Mubata i.e. it is defnite and Marfoo)
- Khabar is in ORANGE
- Ataf is in TURQUOISE
- Sentence means "This man is a Businessman AND That man is a Doctor"
اِسْمُ التَّاجِرِ مَحْمُودٌ وَ اِسْمُ الطَّبَيبِ سَعِيدٌ
- Mubata is in BLUE and it is also Mudaf
- Mudaf-Ileh is in GREEN
- Khabar is in ORANGE
- Ataf is in TURQUOISE
- Sentence means "The name of the Businessman is Mahmood AND the name of the Doctor is Saeed"
هَذَا البَيتُ لِلتَّاجِرِ وَ ذَلَكَ البَيتُ ِللطَّبَيبِ
Analyse the sentence above and remember that it has Badal in it and then translate.
بَيتُ التَّاجِرِ أَمَامَ المَسْجَدَ وَ بَيتُ الطَّبَيبِ خَلفَ المَدْرَسَةِ
- Mubata is in BLUE and it is also Mudaf
- Mudaf-Ileh is in GREEN
- Khabar (Zarf) is in ORANGE. Zarf means adverb in this case it is "Adverb of place" i.e. it indicates a position and most of the time the word after Zarf is Mudaf-Ileh
- Mudaf-Ileh is in GREEN
- Ataf is in TURQUOISE
- Mubata is in BLUE and it is also Mudaf
- Mudaf-Ileh is in GREEN
- Khabar (Zarf) is in ORANGE. Zarf means adverb in this case it is "Adverb of place" i.e. it indicates a position and most of the time the word after Zarf is Mudaf-Ileh
- Mudaf-Ileh is in GREEN
- Sentence means "The house of Businessman is in front of the Masjid AND the house of the Doctor is behind the Madrasah"
لِمَنْ هَذِهَ السَّيَّارَةِ , وَ لِمَنْ تِلْكَ ؟
Don't analyse the sentence above, just translate it!
هَذِهَ السَّيَّارَةِ للطَّبَيبِ وَ تِلْكَ لِلتَّاجِرِ
Analyse the sentence above and remember that it has Badal in it and the Khabar has a Jaar/Majroor combination and then translate it.
هَذِهَ السَّيَّارَةِ مِنَ اليَابَانَ وَ تِلْكَ مَنْ أَمرِيكَا
Analyse the sentence above and remember that it has Badal in the first Mubtada and the Khabar has a Jaar/Majroor combination and then translate it.
Part 4:
Answer the following questions from the lesson in wrting while vocalising the last letter (i.e. placing Damma, Fatha, Kasrah) of each word.
مَن هذا الرجلُ وَ مَن ذَلكَ الرجلُ؟
مَا اسْمُ التَّاجِر؟
مَا اسْمُ الطَّبِيب؟
مِن أَينَ سيَّارَةُ التَّاجِر؟
أَينَ بَيتُ التَّاجِر؟
أَينَ بَيتُ الطَّبِيب؟
Write all of these statements and translate while vocalising the last letter (i.e. placing Damma, Fatha, Kasrah) of each word.
هذا الولد خالد و ذَلكَ الولد محمود
هذا الرجلُ مدرِّس و ذَلكَ الرجلُ مهندس
هذا الكتاب جديد و ذَلكَ الكتاب قديم
هذه السَّيَّارة لِعلي و تِلك لِخالد
هذا الباب مفتوح و ذَلكَ الباب مُغلق
لِمَن هذه السَْاعَةُ؟ هِيَ لِعَبَّاس
أَهذا بَيتُ التَّاجِر؟ لا هو للمدرس
أَهذه الدراجة لَابن المُؤَذِّن؟ نَعم
مَن هذا الولد؟ هو طالب مِن العِراق
أَذَلكَ البيت جديد؟ لا هو قَديم جِدًّا
هذه السَّيَّارة مِنَ اليَابَان و تِلكَ مِنْ سُوِيسَرَا
Notice the word Min مِنْ in the example above and how a Fatha gets added to join it to the Laam of next letter
هذه السِّكِّينُ مِنَ
الْمَانيا و تِلكَ الْمِلْعَقَةُ مِنْ أِنكَلترَْا
Part 5:
Write, the example (analyse and translate) and then insert Mubatada and Badal in the blank (analyse and translate). The first example is done for you and remember to place the correct vowels on the last letter of all words.
هذا كتاب . هذا الكتابُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ
هذا طبيب . ________ مِنَ الهند
هذه سَيَّارة . ________ لِلمُدير
ذَلكَ ولد . ________ اِبنِ المدَرِّس
تلك سَْاعَة . ________ مِنْ سُوِيسَرَا
هذا قَلَم . ________ مِنْ لِعبَّاسٍ
ذَلكَ رجل . ________ مؤذِّن
هذه بيضة . ________ كبيرة
هذا منديل . ________ وسخ
هذه حقيبة . ________ لِلمدَرِّس
The next exercise in your book gives you the picture of an object and then a name (in parenthesis). Make a sentence with Mubata, Badal & Khabar using the pictured object and the name (then analyse and translate. The first example is done for you and remember to place the correct vowels on the last letter of all words.
The next exercise in your book is simply read and write.